Hydrogen Driven Agriculture
Delivered By Water

Written by David Guez & Jim Wilson


1 August 2022

At the heart of the action of molecular hydrogen (H2) in biology are the mitochondria. In all higher organism cells, that is, plant cells, animal cells or fungi, the mitochondria provide the energy necessary for life in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
figure 1. complexes I through V demonstrating ATP production.
However, the role of ATP goes beyond a simple energy source; ATP also increases the thermal stability of proteins and promotes their correct folding. Protein stability and proper protein folding are central to biological function and thus to the continuation of life. Environmental stress, being abiotic (e.g. heat stress, UV stress) or biotic (e.g. pathogens), translates into protein denaturation and protein misfolding that need to be addressed by the organism. Increasing ATP availability due to H2 supplementation, significantly elevates the threshold at which abiotic and biotic stress can affect an organism. Consequently, the same stress level that would have normally stunted the organism’s growth or indeed its survival potential, does not eventuate.

Given the world’s environment and climate change potential in the coming years, along with the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, any factor that would increase organism resilience should be investigated. In this regard, Molecular Hydrogen and Oxygen supplementation offers enormous potential and should be brought to the forefront of our thinking about agriculture and food production.

Here we provide a summary of what is currently known to introduce the immense potential offered by supplementing food production systems with Oxy-hydrogen. There are many sub-categories within this enormous field, and we will further develop these specific areas as interest dictates.

Soil Fertility and Hydroxygen

It has been known for a long time that proper oxygenation of the soil is a critical factor in plant growth (e.g.1,2). In contrast, Hydrogen gas (H2) is only now attracting the increased attention it deserves3. Hydrogen gas has been found to alleviate abiotic stress in plants such as high salinity4, drought5, UV radiation6 and heavy metal7,8, while increasing growth and yield under stress. For example, soil treatment with H29 improved growth of Barley, Canola, Wheat and Soybean, including a dry weight increase of between 15-48% and tiller head number increase of 36 to 48% compared to control.
Arrangement of fresh fruits and vegetables on soil.
Hydrogen supplementation has also shown important benefits in the horticulture industry10. For example, using hydrogen nanobubble enriched water improves the yield, taste and quality of cherry tomato, with and without fertiliser11. Researchers compared four conditions with and without fertiliser and irrigated using standard water, or water infused with hydrogen nanobubbles.
With fertiliser, the use of water infused with hydrogen gas nanobubbles resulted in a yield increase of 39.7%, while with fertiliser use alone, the yield increase was 26.5%.

Interestingly, the use of water infused with hydrogen gas without the use of fertiliser still translated to a 9.1% yield increase, compared to the group with fertiliser and standard water. Most importantly, the use of hydrogen nanobubbles also significantly improved the quality of the crop in terms of nutrient content and taste.
Healthy, fresh and ripe red tomatoes hanging on the vine in a greenhouse.
Bowls of fresh and healthy fruits, nuts, and berries.
Li et al. observed a significant increase in sugar-acid ratio, and increased content in antioxidants such as lycopene11. The use of hydrogen-rich water also resulted in a substantial increase in volatile compounds and aldehydes11. Most notably, the application of hydrogen-rich water enhanced the crop absorption of available nitrogen and phosphorous by more than 70-80%, and potassium by more than 50%, irrespective of the use of fertilizer11.

Finally, while Hydrogen water post-harvest treatment decreased the accumulation of nitrite in stored tomatoes12, in strawberries, the preharvest use of hydrogen nanobubble enriched water enhanced thevolatile profiles, sugar-acid ratio, and sensory attributes of the crop with and without fertiliser13. The increased production of secondary metabolites is under the control of H26,14.
When the plant is supplemented with H2 secondary metabolites such as flavonoids are produced in greater quantities6,11,14, while decreasing oxidative stress and increasing mitochondrial ATP production.

Hydrogen can also indirectly enhance the plant’s resistance to stress by affecting soil microbial composition. For instance, Hydrogen gas has been demonstrated to promote the recruitment of beneficial rhizosphere aerobic beta-proteobacteria Variovorax paradoxus, that is responsible for soil regeneration following crop rotation with legumes15 (such as soybean or turnip). The Variovorax paradoxus strain has been demonstrated themselves to also protect plants from abiotic stress16, improving growth17,18 and yield.

Furthermore, V. paradoxus is known to metabolise residual pesticides19 and herbicides20 in soils, improving soil condition. Interestingly, after 7-8 days H2 gas treatment of soil, the soil starts fixating CO2 and not releasing it to the atmosphere, but taking it from the atmosphere and fixating it in the soil21. Grain planted soils are net producers of CO2 (10 million tonnes CO2-e annually in Australia). This research suggests that treatment with oxy-hydrogen enriched water may reverse this trend by increasing root system mass and increasing soil CO2 fixation, creating a carbon sink.
Healthy potato plantation. Crop resilience may be improved with hydrogen driven agriculture.
In summary, oxygen-rich soil improves plant health and yield by itself. Hydrogen gas in itself improves abiotic plant stress response and yield. Variovorax paradoxus in itself promotes plant health, growth and combats plant pathogens. Finally, Hydrogen gas promotes the development of Hydrogen-oxidating aerobe Variovorax paradoxus in soil and promotes CO2 fixation in soil. Thus, providing oxy-hydrogen to both the crop and soil in the form of nano-bubble enriched water, or directly in gaseous form in the soil, improves soil fertility9, crop health, growth and yield. Given the potential economic benefit, the relative ease, and the low cost of the approach, the time to act with large scale field application is now. The Australian trial of crop supplementation with H2 using subterranean gas pipe by CSIRO1 (2003 – 2007) has shown yield improvement of up to 31%. However, this delivery system using compressed gas and subterranean pipes is not economically viable. Since this time, there are now practical and financially viable options have been developed and large-scale commercial applications are now possible.

The Action of Molecular Hydrogen on the Respiratory Chain

It has recently been demonstrated that H2 supplementation suppressed superoxide production22 by complex I, its main producer. Furthermore, Ishihara et al. suggested that H2 donated electrons in the Q chamber of complex I22. Two main mechanisms are possible but given that Hydrogen evolution (the production of H from two protons) by complex I in plants have recently been discovered23, the most likely is that complex I acts as an oxygen insensitive hydrogenase capable of both using Hydrogen to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol, or to accept electrons from ubiquinol and evolve Hydrogen gas from two protons.

Regardless of how H2 participates in the respiratory chain, it is demonstrated that H2 supplementation translates into a more than 50% per min increase in ATP production by the mitochondria24. An increase that appears to be a least partially to be uncoupled from nutrient intake.

An increase in ATP production by the mitochondria, following H2 supplementation, means that cells can divert the nutrients not used to produce energy, to the production of the building blocks of the cell. This explains why crops supplemented with hydrogen can invest more energy into growth and production.

Mitochondrial ATP Production and ER Stress

Abiotic and biotic stress generate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and trigger the unfolded protein response25,26. As described above molecular hydrogen supplementation in plants result in improved resistance to abiotic stress such as drought, salinity or heavy metal contamination.

Molecular Hydrogen supplementation also enables an increased mitochondrial ATP production while suppressing the production of superoxide by Complex 1.

Given that ATP is necessary for the appropriate folding of proteins in the ER as a source of energy or as a co-factor27, and given that it has been shown that ATP facilitates by itself the stability and proper folding of proteins as well as prevents the aggregation of misfolded proteins28,29, we believe that the increased resistance to abiotic stress shown by plants supplemented with hydrogen is a direct consequence of an increased availability in mitochondrial ATP.
Protein structure diagram including primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures.
Crumpled pieces of paper litter the ground, as a successfully folded paper crane floats above.

Rumen Fermentation Optimisation and Methane Emissions

Methane (CH4) has more than 80 times the warming power of carbon dioxide over the first 20 years after it reaches the atmosphere.
Since a cow can produce 400L to 500L of methane per day30 and global ruminant emissions represent 15-16%31,32 of total methane emission, there is high-level interest in significantly decreasing that amount. Methane is a by-product of the cows’ ingested food fermentation process that takes place in their digestive system. It is a fermentation pathway that is energetically wasteful, and alternative pathways are more favourable.

It is possible to decrease cow methane emissions by manipulating the type of feed they have access to or by providing food additives that are counter to methane production however, these approaches can be costly or impractical.

Research suggests that elevating the dissolved concentration of hydrogen up to 100µM (0.2 ppm) may thermodynamically inhibit methanogenesis while favouring other pathways that produce compounds that can be assimilated by the animal and increase propionate production33,34, which is linked to better milk production and quality35, while decreasing the energy loss experienced by the animal when methane is produced. The potential Hydrogen saturation level in water between 20 and 40C is 1.6 to 1.4 ppm and is 7 to 8 times more than the upper limit of hydrogen concentration that should inhibit methanogenesis in rumens.

It is expected that Hydrogen supplementation of cows in the form of hydrogen and oxygen rich water would significantly reduce the amount of methane emission while promoting a pathway that improves food absorption by the animal, increases immune system strength and increases the overall quality of the beast. It is interesting to note that adding the oxygen to the water could also stop methanogenesis36 without affecting butyrate and propionate production which is important for milk quality.
Thirsty cows on an open farm, drinking water from a trough.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

As it is known, Hydrogen supplementation decreases oxidative stress and decreases inflammation. It is important to remember that inflammation causes a redirection of nutrients from accretion in meat, milk and wool towards liver anabolism37 and thus represents a non-negligible economic cost. Thus, it is expected that hydrogen supplementation, through drinking water for example, will improve meat, milk and wool production potential.

Chickens drinking water in a poultry farm, trying to cool down in the heat.

Globally Significant

Our entire planet awaits the biological benefit potential of molecular hydrogen and Oxygen supplementation on what will be a grand scale.
In poultry, fish, animals, and humans etc., Hydrogen enriched water has been shown to significantly improve the immune response and decrease oxidative stress considerably improving growth rate and enhancing disease resistance capabilities.
A tree stands alone in a landscape that is half vibrant and full of life, and half polluted and dismal.
The key to understanding the potential of Molecular Hydrogen in biology, is the crucial role that the Mitochondria plays and the fact that it is common in virtually all life on the planet, regardless of species. Whether it be plant, animal, or human, it is the mitochondria that converts chemical energy (H2), into biological energy (ATP). At this level of biology, common ingredients and function can be found and it is here that we find the core to life itself on our planet.

Throughout all agricultural endeavours, its potential represents a low-cost solution to improve nutritional content and enhance production under abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. It will enable productivity from millions of hectares of land otherwise thought lost for various reasons, as well as the ability to regenerate the environment such as is required by environmentally destructive enterprises such as mining and deforestation.

The world’s agriculture industry is valued at approximately $12 trillion dollars annually. Molecular hydrogen and oxygen availability in soil has plant growth-promoting properties that may translate to a direct 20% – 30% improvement in yield alone. Furthermore, molecular hydrogen and oxygen soil treatment will lead to further development of microbiota diversity within the soil, thus improving the overall health, fertility and disease resistance potential while promoting plant growth simultaneously. The ascendancy of bacterium further promotes the formation of complex biofilms in the soil, that in turn enables carbon sequestration into the soil from the atmosphere. This has enormous implications when considering the regeneration of lost productive farmland and can significantly ameliorate further destruction of existing stressed pastures and ecosystems.
Hydrogen and oxygen treatment in soil can be used to promote plant growth in areas cleared for mining or logging.
There is immense potential of this technology and research to advance the world’s governments’ objectives in several of the key areas associated with food production, animal health, human health, marine health, environment management, soil regeneration, methane emission control, sustainable development goals, chemical input reduction and the development of a circular economy. This technology is expected to not only assist in the volume of goods produced, but also the quality of the goods, the post-harvest lifespan the nutritional content, the ability to better resist adverse environmental events, the ability to better resist biological attack, and significantly improve governments existing global reputation as preferred products of choice.

Furthermore, as this information becomes widely accepted, we foresee that consumers of the future will want to know more about where their food has come from and that they will want Hydrogen based farming certifications in a similar fashion to what we already see in the “Organically Certified” spaces.

The technology affords significant value towards a governments’ farm biodiversity certification scheme, will set new standards around the world, and give farmers considerable advantage and preference throughout the global marketplace. It offers significant advancement for live export, red meat, white meat, seafood and plant industries while dramatically reducing waste.
A cutout view of grass and soil, showing the roots of the grass extending far below the surface of the ground.

Environment Regeneration

Desertification costs world economy up to 15 trillion dollars – Forest fires, droughts and other forms of land degradation cost the global economy as much as 15 trillion dollars every year and are deepening the climate change crisis, a top United Nations environment official said. Ibrahim Thiaw, executive secretary of the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), said the degradation of land was shaving 10-17 percent off the world economy, which the World Bank calculates at 85.8 trillion dollars.

Molecular Hydrogen and Oxygen supplementation offers enormous potential and implications when considering the regeneration of lost productive farmland and can significantly ameliorate further destruction of existing stressed pastures and ecosystems. The development of this knowledge represents an ability to repair farmland thought lost for generations and will enable regeneration and the ability to resume productive farming in soils and environments not thought possible before now.

Carbon

Soil Carbon sequestration is one of the paths that can contribute significantly to carbon neutrality in the future while benefiting the agricultural sector. Increasing soil organic matter, for example by increased plants root systems and allowing for the formation of extensive biofilms, improves soil structure and reduces erosion, leading to improved water quality in groundwater and surface waters, and ultimately to increased food security and decreased negative impacts to ecosystems. Even if it is difficult to put a dollar figure on the benefit of carbon sequestration, done the right way it can deliver tremendous economic benefit through sustainable increased agricultural production both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Research into the associated relationship between mitochondria and chloroplast is expected to reveal significant efficiency improvements to both protein folding and carbon sequestration and the creation of biomass above and below the ground.

Animal Protein

Various dairy products on a rustic background with milk, cheese, butter and cottage.
The biological improvement that can be achieved in this sector has many consequential benefits to the market with including further health benefits to the consumer accessing higher quality protein sources with less pharmaceutical or chemical inputs.

  • Oxygen or Hydrogen supplementation, for example, by the provision of water enrichment, improves metabolism and thus Feed conversion ratio in livestock.
  • For instance, in meat chicken, the enrichment of water with oxygen or water enrichment with hydrogen, improves weight gain by at least 10% individually, and we are expecting 15 to 20% in combination.
  • Furthermore, Hydrogen enrichment decreases oxidative stress and inflammation, thus promoting healthier livestock.

Delivery Method

Agricultural greenhouse watering system in action.
The most economical and easiest way to produce and deliver gas to the crop is to use hydrolysis, and to have an on-demand gas production system that is injected in the form of nanobubbles, while utilising the existing irrigation system available where possible.

Bubbles (In General)

Everybody has seen gas bubbles rising in their glass of soda, bubbly or mineral water before popping at the surface. If you are lucky enough to own an aquarium, you also have seen the air bubble produced by your aerator rise to the top add pop there. While in the case of your soda, the gas contained in the sparkle is CO2, in your aquarium, the bubbles comprise the same mix of gas as the ambient atmosphere (approximatively 21% Oxygen, 78% nitrogen, with the last per cent being composed of CO2, neon and Hydrogen).

In the case of soda, the CO2 was dissolved under pressure in the soda, and when you opened the bottle, the pressure dropped, allowing the excess CO2 to leave the solution and form gas bubbles. In the case of your aquarium, we are simply pushing air through a porous stone to create bubbles. Here we are trying to dissolve oxygen faster in the water to compensate for the one used by the fish and other life-forms present in the tank.

Note that we could achieve the same by increasing the surface area of the water exposed to the atmosphere. Indeed, if you think about it, each bubble we produce increases the surface area of contact between the air and the water enabling more gas exchange between air and water. Nonetheless, although we can speed up the process by increasing the surface area available for gas exchange, the maximum amount of oxygen we can dissolve in water at equilibrium is solely determined by the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere and the temperature. The colder the water is, the more oxygen can dissolve in it at the same partial pressure.

Size of the Bubble

The same volume of gas in water can be made of one giant bubble or multiple smaller bubbles. The smaller the bubbles, the larger the number of bubbles you need for the same volume of gas, however, the smaller the bubbles, the larger the possible exchange area between water and gas. The larger the surface of exchange, the faster we can dissolve gas in water, and so the tiniest the bubble, the better.

Microbubbles

As their name tells us, microbubbles are very tiny, with a diameter in the micrometre range. That is, one micrometre is 1,000,000 smaller than a meter! For comparison, gas bubbles in your favourite glass of soda are around a millimetre, so a microbubble can be up to a thousand times smaller again. They are so small that we just can see them with the naked eye and if the water contains a lot of them, it becomes so cloudy that it is very challenging to see anything through it.
Abstract 3D rendered concept of a cell under a microscope.
Although microbubbles are very small, they still rise to the surface of the water, pop, and dissipate, but because they are so small, the resulting increase in gas exchange with the water is astonishing. In consequence, dissolved gas concentration in the body of water treated, will reach saturation level extremely fast. However, rising bubbles mean that any gas that is not dissolved in water by the time the bubbles get to the surface is lost to the atmosphere.

Nanobubble Technology and Advancements

Nanobubbles are up to one thousand times smaller than microbubbles. Until recently, nanobubbles were believed not to exist based on theoretical reasoning. However, practically they are very real and display very exciting properties. First of all, they do not rise to the surface of the water and pop. Second, they are negatively electrically charged, which mean that they repel each other, thus never merging to form larger bubbles. Third, they are stable in water for a very long time and are bio-available.

Therefore, the amount of oxygen or gas of interest stored in the body of water is far more substantial than the saturation level. Finally, because they are again smaller than microbubbles, the potential surface area for gas exchange is greater again. There is much anticipation for a solution that affords virtually instantaneous infusion of gasses into fluids across various industries and applications around the world. Various methods are adopted with varying levels of success with significantly different degrees of associated expense.

References

https://grdc.com.au/research/reports/report?id=3618

 

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